作者:付祥

现居珠海,主要负责 Oracle、MySQL、mongoDB 和 Redis 维护工作。

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1.故障现象

一套运行快两年的MGR三节点多主环境(5.7.25),在节点1成功导入一批数据后,开发反馈程序修改这批数据报错,报错信息如下:

update match_equip set name = ?, type = ?, equips = ?,score = ? where id = ? and
person_id = ?
Received #3101 error from MySQL server: "Plugin instructed the server to rollback
the current transaction."

1.1.尝试故障恢复操作1

经过初步分析,发现导入的这批数据,在导入节点1可以更新,在其他节点更新失败,怀疑1节点有问题,本着快速恢复故障原则,询问开发得知1节点可以重启,于是对其进行重启,重启后不能加入组复制,看来重启大法也不好使,报错信息如下:

2021-05-27T07:37:53.290267Z 0 [ERROR] Plugin group_replication reported: 'This
member has more executed transactions than those present in the group. Local
transactions: 91f9d301-c234-11e9-

b15f-fa163e13423a:1-156817757:156843131-157503127:158192163-158412212,

a71d98a2-c234-11e9-b6db-fa163e3407f8:1-92,

eba21052-c250-11e9-b0d0-fa163e134234:1-3 > Group transactions: 91f9d301-c234-
11e9-b15f-fa163e13423a:1-156817825:156843131-157503172:158192163-158412212,

eba21052-c250-11e9-b0d0-fa163e134234:1-3'

2021-05-27T07:37:53.290348Z 0 [ERROR] Plugin group_replication reported: 'The
member contains transactions not present in the group. The member will now exit
the group.'

Local transactions:

Local transactions:

91f9d301-c234-11e9-b15f-fa163e13423a:1-156817757:156843131-157503127:158192163-
158412212,

a71d98a2-c234-11e9-b6db-fa163e3407f8:1-92,

eba21052-c250-11e9-b0d0-fa163e134234:1-3

Group transactions:

Group transactions:

91f9d301-c234-11e9-b15f-fa163e13423a:1-156817825:156843131-157503172:158192163-
158412212,

eba21052-c250-11e9-b0d0-fa163e134234:1-3

经过比较,本地节点已执行的gitd集合中 a71d98a2-c234-11e9-b6db-fa163e3407f8:1-92 gtid 并不在Group transactions中,即 Local transactions 不是 Group transactions 子集,无法通过验证,加入集群失败。

1.2. 尝试故障恢复操作2

通过正常节点物理备份还原的方式加入集群,还是报错:

2021-05-27T08:35:01.331704Z 13 [ERROR] Plugin group_replication reported: 'The
certification information could not be set in this server: 'Certification
information is too large for transmission.''

2021-05-27T08:35:01.331752Z 13 [ERROR] Plugin group_replication reported: 'Error
when processing Certification information in the Recovery process'

2021-05-27T08:35:01.331762Z 13 [ERROR] Plugin group_replication reported: 'Fatal
error during the Recovery process of Group Replication. The server will leave the
group.

由于传输的集群冲突校验信息太大而加入集群失败:

Certification information is too large for transmission

查看当前集群冲突检测信息:

root@3306 performance_schema> select COUNT_TRANSACTIONS_ROWS_VALIDATING from
performance_schema.replication_group_member_stats;

+------------------------------------+
| COUNT_TRANSACTIONS_ROWS_VALIDATING |
+------------------------------------+
| 11239426 |
+------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

当前冲突检测信息有1千多万条记录,正是由于这个信息太大导致加入集群失败。事情到这里,估计有人会认为碰上了 mysql bug ,实则不然,要解决这个问题,还得从 mgr 事务冲突检测机制说起。

2.故障分析与复现

2.1.事务认证机制

参考文章:https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/41175310

MGR 事务认证模块用于决定进入MGR的事务是继续提交还是需要被回滚,实现该功能的依据是判断冲突检测数据库(certification_info)中被该事务更新的各个主键的 gtid_set 是否为事务的快照版本 snapshot_version 的子集,若是则提交,否则进行回滚。

对于可继续提交的事务,为其分配 GTID 。随后该事务 writeset 中包含的各个主键会被插入/更新到 certification_info 中。可以预见,随着越来越多的事务被认证,certification_info 中的记录会越来越多。

如何清理 certification_info 中的记录?很显然,如果一个事务A经过认证后,已经在 MGR 集群的各个节点都提交了,也就是说各节点的 gtid_executed 都包含了该事务GTID,由于事务在集群中的全局有序性,还未被认证的事务一定是在本节点事务A之后或同时(无相互依赖)执行的,那么可以确定后续需要在 MGR 中认证的事务都不会跟事务A有冲突。所以,certification_info 中快照版本(snapshot_version)为事务A快照版本子集的那些记录都可以被清理掉。MGR的各个节点每隔60s会广播一次自己的 gtid_executed 。各节点收集一轮完整的节点 gtid_executed 取交集(stable_gtid_set),即可基于该交集实施清理操作。

certification_info 清理时,需要遍历其中的每条记录,将其中的 GTID_SET 跟 stable_gtid_set 进行对比,如果记录的 GTID_SET 是 stable_gtid_set 的子集则可清理。

2.2.故障分析

2.2.1.当前mgr中certification_info有11239426条记录,mgr每隔60s清理一次,为何会这么大?

节点1存在独立本地事务 a71d98a2-c234-11e9-b6db-fa163e3407f8:1-92 ,当在1节点进行 dml 时,只要冲突认证通过,事务writeset中包含的各个主键便会被插入/更新到 certification_info 中,snapshot_version 信息便带有本地事务标识 a71d98a2-c234-11e9-b6db-fa163e3407f8:1-92 ,当 certification_info 清理时,各节点 gtid_executed 交集永远不会包含 a71d98a2-c234-11e9-b6dbfa163e3407f8:1-92 这段gitd集合,故1节点dml操作产生的 certification_info 永远不会被清理,日积月累,certification_info 就达到了1000多万。

2.2.2.节点1 dml操作提交后的数据为何在其他节点不能更新?

假设:

节点1、2、3的 server_uuid 分别为A、B、C,全局事务 uuid 为:G

节点1存在本地独立事务:A:1-XXX

节点1Executed_Gtid_SetG:1-XXX,A:1-XXX

节点2Executed_Gtid_SetG:1-XXX

节点3Executed_Gtid_SetG:1-XXX

节点1dml产生的 certification_info 信息为:G:1-XXX,A:1-XXX,其他节点对节点1修改后的数据进行更新时,certification_info 中 snapshot_version :G:1-XXX,A:1-XXX,当前事务快照版本G:1-XXXG:1-XXX,A:1-XXX永远不可能是G:1-XXX子集,故冲突认证失败,事务回滚:

Plugin instructed the server to rollback the current transaction

2.3.故障模拟复现

2.3.1.环境准备,构造节点3含有本地事务

节点2、节点3故意不关闭参数sql_log_in修改 root 初始密码产生一个本地 gtid :

[root@mysql.sock][(none)]> show master status;

ERROR 1820 (HY000): You must reset your password using ALTER USER statement
before executing this statement.

[root@mysql.sock][(none)]>

[root@mysql.sock][(none)]>

[root@mysql.sock][(none)]> alter user root@'localhost' identified by '***';

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.05 sec)

[root@mysql.sock][(none)]> show master status;

+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+----------------
------------------------+
| File | Position | Binlog_Do_DB | Binlog_Ignore_DB | Executed_Gtid_Set
|
+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+----------------
------------------------+
| MySql-bin.000002 | 391 | | | f1b251a9-bf54-11eb-a4fd-
000c299b4d6c:1 |
+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+----------------
------------------------+

1 row in set (0.00 sec)

接下来各个节点依次执行一些初始化操作:

SET SQL_LOG_BIN=0;

CREATE USER rpl_user@'%' IDENTIFIED BY '*****';

GRANT REPLICATION SLAVE ON *.* TO rpl_user@'%';

FLUSH PRIVILEGES;

SET SQL_LOG_BIN=1;

CHANGE MASTER TO MASTER_USER='rpl_user', MASTER_PASSWORD=''*****' FOR CHANNEL
'group_replication_recovery';

INSTALL PLUGIN group_replication SONAME 'group_replication.so';
2.3.1.1.节点1作为引导节点启动mgr集群
SET GLOBAL group_replication_bootstrap_group=ON;

START GROUP_REPLICATION;

SET GLOBAL group_replication_bootstrap_group=OFF;
2.3.1.2.节点2加入集群:

2号节点存在本地事务start group_replication失败:

[ERROR] Plugin group_replication reported: 'This member has more executed
transactions than those present in the group. Local transactions: 332ee50a-bf55-
11eb-b407-000c293fd895:1 > Group transactions: 91f9d3

01-c234-11e9-b15f-fa163e13423a:1,

f1b251a9-bf54-11eb-a4fd-000c299b4d6c:1-2'

reset master,重置 binlog 后再加入成功。

2.3.1.3.节点3加入集群:

同理,3节点加入集群同样失败,通过设置参数:

set global group_replication_allow_local_disjoint_gtids_join=1

不校验本地事务后成功加入集群。

2.3.2.故障模拟及恢复
2.3.2.1.当前环境信息:节点3含有本地事务
root@mysql.sock][fxtest]> select * from
performance_schema.replication_group_members;

+---------------------------+--------------------------------------+-------------
+-------------+--------------+

| CHANNEL_NAME | MEMBER_ID | MEMBER_HOST | MEMBER_PORT |
MEMBER_STATE |

+---------------------------+--------------------------------------+-------------
+-------------+--------------+

| group_replication_applier | 332ee50a-bf55-11eb-b407-000c293fd895 | fxtest02 |
3307 | ONLINE |

| group_replication_applier | 34668704-bf55-11eb-b120-000c29ed3768 | fxtest03 |
3307 | ONLINE |

| group_replication_applier | f1b251a9-bf54-11eb-a4fd-000c299b4d6c | fxtest01 |
3307 | ONLINE |

+---------------------------+--------------------------------------+-------------
+-------------+--------------+

查看每个节点 Executed_Gtid_Set :

#节点1:

root@mysql.sock][fxtest]> show master status;

+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+----------------
---------------------------+

| File     | Position | Binlog_Do_DB | Binlog_Ignore_DB | Executed_Gtid_Set
       |

+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+----------------
---------------------------+

| MySql-bin.000001 | 1152 | | | 91f9d301-c234-11e9-b15ffa163e13423a:1-29 |

+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+----------------
---------------------------+


#节点2:
root@mysql.sock][fxtest]> show master status;

+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+----------------
---------------------------+

| File     | Position | Binlog_Do_DB | Binlog_Ignore_DB | Executed_Gtid_Set
        |

+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+----------------
---------------------------+

| MySql-bin.000001 | 1152 | | | 91f9d301-c234-11e9-b15ffa163e13423a:1-29 |

+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+----------------
---------------------------+

1 row in set (0.02 sec)


#节点3:

root@mysql.sock][performance_schema]> show master status;

+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+----------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------+

| File      | Position | Binlog_Do_DB | Binlog_Ignore_DB | Executed_Gtid_Set
        |

+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+----------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------+

| MySql-bin.000001 | 1319 | | | 34668704-bf55-11eb-b120-000c29ed3768:1,

91f9d301-c234-11e9-b15f-fa163e13423a:1-29 |

+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+----------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------+

1 row in set (0.00 sec)

可以看到节点3多了一个本地事务 34668704-bf55-11eb-b120-000c29ed3768:1

2.3.2.2.场景1:节点3新增数据后,其他节点进行更新

在节点3上执行新增数据:

root@mysql.sock][fxtest]> create table mgr_test1(id int primary key,name
varchar(10));

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)

[root@mysql.sock][fxtest]> insert into mgr_tes
t1 values(1,'a');

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

节点1执行修改:

root@mysql.sock][fxtest]> update mgr_test1 set name='aa' where id=1;

ERROR 3101 (HY000): Plugin instructed the server to rollback the current
transaction.

[root@mysql.sock][fxtest]>

节点2执行修改:

root@mysql.sock][fxtest]> update mgr_test1 set name='aa' where id=1;

ERROR 3101 (HY000): Plugin instructed the server to rollback the current
transaction.

[root@mysql.sock][fxtest]>

结论:节点1、2都不能修改节点3新增的数据。

2.3.2.3.场景2:其他节点新增数据,节点3修改后,其他节点再次更新

节点1:

root@mysql.sock][fxtest]> insert into mgr_test1 values(11,'aa');

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)

节点2:

root@mysql.sock][fxtest]> insert into mgr_test1 values(22,'aa');

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

节点3:

root@mysql.sock][fxtest]> update mgr_test1 set name='11' where id=11;

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)

Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0

[root@mysql.sock][fxtest]> update mgr_test1 set name='22' where id=22;

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)

Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0

之后节点1、2再修改数据报错:

root@mysql.sock][fxtest]> update mgr_test1 set name='aaa' where id=11;

ERROR 3101 (HY000): Plugin instructed the server to rollback the current
transaction.

[root@mysql.sock][fxtest]> update mgr_test1 set name='aaa' where id=22;

ERROR 3101 (HY000): Plugin instructed the server to rollback the current
transaction.

[root@mysql.sock][fxtest]>
2.3.2.4.故障修复
2.3.2.5.场景1:节点3本地事务对应 binlog 还存在,如何修复

只需重启节点1、2组复制即可同步过来节点3的本地事务。下面演示重启节点1:

root@mysql.sock][fxtest]> show master status;

+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+----------------
-------------------------------------------+

| File   | Position | Binlog_Do_DB | Binlog_Ignore_DB | Executed_Gtid_Set
       |

+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+----------------
-------------------------------------------+

| MySql-bin.000001 | 3386 | | | 91f9d301-c234-11e9-b15ffa163e13423a:1-35:1000029:2000029 |

+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+----------------
-------------------------------------------+

1 row in set (0.03 sec)

[root@mysql.sock][fxtest]> stop group_replication;

Query OK, 0 rows affected (9.73 sec)

[root@mysql.sock][fxtest]> start group_replication;

Query OK, 0 rows affected (3.24 sec)

[root@mysql.sock][fxtest]> show master status;

+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+----------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--+

| File   | Position | Binlog_Do_DB | Binlog_Ignore_DB | Executed_Gtid_Set
      |

+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+----------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--+

| MySql-bin.000001 | 4935 | | | 34668704-bf55-11eb-b120-
000c29ed3768:1,
91f9d301-c234-11e9-b15f-fa163e13423a:1-36:1000029:2000029 |

+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+----------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--+

1 row in set (0.00 sec)

重启1号节点组复制成功,且节点3本地事务34668704-bf55-11eb-b120-000c29ed3768:1也同步过来了。

2.3.2.6.场景2:节点3本地事务对应 binlog 已经不在了,如何修复

清空3号节点 binlog ,模拟本地事务对应 binlog 被删除,并关闭1节点组复制,重启2号节点组复制,使其只能从3号节点同步。

#清空节点3本地事务对应binlog

root@mysql.sock][fxtest]> show binary logs;

+------------------+-----------+
| Log_name | File_size |
+------------------+-----------+
| MySql-bin.000001 | 4968 |
+------------------+-----------+

1 row in set (0.00 sec)

[root@mysql.sock][fxtest]> flush logs;

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

[root@mysql.sock][fxtest]> show binary logs;

+------------------+-----------+
| Log_name | File_size |
+------------------+-----------+
| MySql-bin.000001 | 5011 |

| MySql-bin.000002 | 262 |
+------------------+-----------+

2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

[root@mysql.sock][fxtest]> purge binary logs to 'MySql-bin.000002';

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)

[root@mysql.sock][fxtest]> show binary logs;

+------------------+-----------+
| Log_name | File_size |
+------------------+-----------+
| MySql-bin.000002 | 262 |
+------------------+-----------+

1 row in set (0.00 sec)

关闭1号节点组复制:

root@mysql.sock][fxtest]> stop group_replication;

Query OK, 0 rows affected (9.57 sec)

重启2号节点组复制失败,2号节点从3号节点同步数据,3号节点本地事务对应 binlog 被删除了,故2号节点加入集群失败,一直处于 recovering 状态,2号节点日志如下:

2021-05-28T09:58:28.091303Z 276 [ERROR] Error reading packet from server for
channel 'group_replication_recovery': The slave is connecting using CHANGE MASTER
TO MASTER_AUTO_POSITION = 1, but the master has purged binary logs containing
GTIDs that the slave requires. Replicate the missing transactions from elsewhere,
or provision a new slave from backup. Consider increasing the master's binary log
expiration period. The GTID set sent by the slave is '91f9d301-c234-11e9-b15ffa163e13423a:1-36:1000029:2000029', and the missing transactions are '34668704-
bf55-11eb-b120-000c29ed3768:1'. (server_errno=1236)


root@mysql.sock][fxtest]> select * from
performance_schema.replication_group_members;

+---------------------------+--------------------------------------+-------------
+-------------+--------------+

| CHANNEL_NAME | MEMBER_ID | MEMBER_HOST | MEMBER_PORT |
MEMBER_STATE |

+---------------------------+--------------------------------------+-------------
+-------------+--------------+

| group_replication_applier | 332ee50a-bf55-11eb-b407-000c293fd895 | fxtest02 |
3307 | RECOVERING |

| group_replication_applier | 34668704-bf55-11eb-b120-000c29ed3768 | fxtest03 |
3307 | ONLINE |

故2号节点只能通过reset master,set global gtid_purged方式加入集群:

stop group_replication;

reset master;

set global gtid_purged='91f9d301-c234-11e9-b15f-fa163e13423a:1-
36:1000029:2000029,34668704-bf55-11eb-b120-000c29ed3768:1';

start group_replication;

3.总结

在搭建 MGR 时:

1、一定要保证 mgr 是干净的,即只含有全局 gtid 事务,不含本地 gtid 事务,在启动 mgr 前的初始化阶段,操作命令前要关闭写 binlog 日志。

2、当成员加入集群,启动组复制报错:

This member has more executed transactions than those present in the group

这说明环境不干净,有本地事务,千万不要设置参数 group_replication_allow_local_disjoint_gtids_join=1 这会给以后留下隐患,估计官方已经意识到这个问题严重性,在8.0.4版本后被移除:

group_replication_allow_local_disjoint_gtids_join: Allow current server to join
group even if it has transactions not present in group. Removed in MySQL 8.0.4.

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